According to the legend of the founding of the ancient Romans themselves, the ancient tradition of the Roma's name is believed to have come from the founder and the first King of the city, Romulus.

The River Tevere was commissioned by the Romans to be a god, capitolinus in Rome

However, it seems the name Romulus was again derived from Rome. Since the beginning of the fourth century, there have been other theories proposed for the origins of the Roma. Some of the hypotheses go deep into the origin of linguistics, but they are not quite sure yet:

• Rumon or Rumen, the name of the ancient Tevere river, like the Greek explanation, the verbs ῥω (έ) and the Latin verb, is "flowing";
• From the word 𐌓 (𐌀ruma) in the Etrusca, originally "rum-nipple," which may refer to the mother's wolf that raised the Romulus and Remus twins, or the shape of the Palatinus and Aventinus hills;
• Slowlyῤώ (ē) in Greek, meaning power.

The name "Roman" we know is derived from the Vietnamese version of "羅", used by the Chinese to sign the name "Roma" in Chinese (idiophone: "ǎ" In Vietnamese, the name is now primarily used in historical documents concerning the Roman Empire as well as the ancient Roman civilization.

The name Roma can write back to Amor, which means love, and Roma is also known as "City of Love." The Roma is also the root of romance word and romantic in English (as well as the equivalent of the Roman languages), derived from the word romanice in the Latin and medieval Latin, meaning "in the manner of Roma people". Two Chinese characters "浪" (漫 Han Viet: romance) means the root of "free, apathy", later borrowed to translate for this English word, creating a new meaning "romance" in a modern way.

In addition to "eternal city," Rome is very well known as the "World Capital" in its history, which is "Roma of the World Capital" (Latin: Roma Caput Mundi, by the power of the ancient Roman Empire, and later central to Christianity. Other famous Roma nicknames include: "The City of the Seven hills" Urbs Septicollis from a geographic location where ancient Roma is was formed, "The Throne of the saints" (the Adina Apostolorum) because the role of St Peter and Paul in the first part of the Church and Roma is the place of Death and Death ...

The preliminary city was formed from the seven Roman hills surrounding the walls of Servius (blue) built in the fourth century BC. The wall of Aurelianus (in red) was built in the third century, both massive and resilient.

Early history of history

There is archeological evidence that human beings lived in the Roma area about 14,000 years ago, but the dense layer of land consists of much later-old debris that covered the legacy of old rock and new rock. Evidence of stone tools, ceramics and stone proof of human presence has been around 10,000 years. Some exhuts support the view that Roma developed from over-the-counter areas of Palatinus's hills above the Roman Catholic site later. From the end of the Bronze Age until the beginning of the Iron Age, each hill between the sea and the hills of Capitolinus has a village at its top (at the Capitolinus hills, where a village is proven since the end of the 14th century BC). However, they have not yet reached urban level. Today, many people agree that the city has gradually developed through the gathering of a few villages around the largest village over the hills of Palatinus. The integration process has benefited greatly from the increase in agricultural production above self-sufficiency levels, while allowing for the establishment of activities in the second and third economic sectors. This has been accompanied by a rapid growth in trade with Greek colonies in southern Italy (mainly Ischia and Cumae). These developments, according to archeological evidence, take place in the middle of the 8th century BC, and can be seen as the "birth" of the city. From the recent archeological expeditions from the hills of Palatinus, the view is that Roma was founded in the middle of the 7th century BC, in the legend of Romulus, which is seen as an off-line hypothesis.

Legend of the Roma Founding

The Romulus and Remus of Peter Paul Rubens at the Museum of Capitonlinus.

Aeneas paintings fled the city of Federico Barocci, Borghese Gallery.

The traditional stories of ancient Romans were tradicated to one another explain the early history of the city by legend and mythology. The most familiar mythology of all, and perhaps most famous among all the Roman mythology, was the story of Romulus and Remus, the twin brothers had a feeble wolf. They decided to build a city, but after a debate, Romulus killed his twin and named the city after his own name. According to Roman historians, this event took place April 21, 753 BC. The legend, in tune with a parallel legend, was created before, that there was a Trojan refugee named Aeneas who escaped to Italy and created the Roman line through his son Iulus, which coincided with the Julius-Claudius. This was written again in the first century BC by Roman poet Vergilius. Strabo also noted that there is an older story that the city is the colonies of Arcadia and was founded by Euandros. Strabo also notes Lucius Coelius Antipater believes that Roma was founded by the Greek. Dionysius of Halicarnassus writes that those who arrive at the land later Roma are the first aborigines from Arcadia, who expels the Sicilies from there, and then comes the Pelasgos from Thessalía, the third with Euandros from the Pallanum of Arcadia, after which they are from the Epeis. eneus, part of the team led by Heracles led by the team, decided to stay there while returning from the expedition at Erytheia, where the Troia men fought and remained, and the Troia soldiers eventually fled with Aeneas from Ilium, Dardanus and other Troia cities. Dionysius refers to the Troia, who also from Peloponnesos. He added that even the Romans confirmed the Roman city of Pallantium, formed by the Greek from Pallantium of Arcadia, about sixty years before the war of Troia and the leader of Euandros. Then, in the sixteenth generation following the Trojan War, the Alba had united all these places into a settlement, surrounded them with a wall and a ditch. The Alba is a mixed country of all these people. Dionysius added that the barbarians of the neighbors or the remains of the ancient inhabitants of this place are mingle with the Greeks. But all of these people lost their national identity, called by a common name, Latin, named after Latinus, king of the country. The colonial leaders are the twins Romulus and Remus.

Monarchy, republic and empire

Augustus Province

Caesar Julius

After Romulus' creation, the city was under the rule of a monarchy for 244 years, originally with Latin and Sabine monarchs and then Etruscan. In the legend, the king passed over seven men: Romulus, Pompilius, Tullus Hostilius, Ancus Marcius, Tarquinius Priscus, Servius Tullius and Tarquinius Superbus.

In 509 BC, the Romans deported the last kingdom from the city and formed a republic. Rome then set off a stage characterized as an internal struggle between aristocracy and the continuing war against communities in central Italy: Etrusca, Latin, Volsci, Aequi, Marsi. After becoming the owner of the Latium region, Rome led several wars with the result of having won the Italian Peninsula from the central region to Magna Graecia.

In the 3rd and 2nd century BC, Rome established the sovereignty of the Mediterranean Sea and the East Coast, through the three Punic Wars (264-146 BC) against the city of Carthago and three Macedonian wars (212-168 BC) against Macedonia. Then the first Roman provinces were established: Sicilia, Sardinia and Corsica, Hispania, Macedonia, Achaea and Africa.

The death of Caesar by Vincenzo Camuccini, National Gallery for Modern and Modern Art, Roma.

Since the beginning of the 2nd century BC, power has been the disputed target of the two dominant groups: the nobleman represents conservative elements in the Senate, and the popular faction relies on the support of the civilians. During the same period, the breakdown of small farmers and the establishment of large slave farms has encouraged large numbers of people to migrate to the city. The continuous war creates the necessity for a professional army, who are more loyal to their generals than to the republic. Therefore, in the second half of the 2nd and 1st century BC conflicts both outside and inside. After a defeat to Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus, of the ordinary folk's society, and the war against Jugurtha, the first civil war between Gaius Marius and Sulla. Followed by a large slave uprising under Spartacus, and then the creation of the first Triad with Caesar, Pompey and Crassus.

The Roman Empire expanded under the time of Emperor Traianus to control about 6.5 million km² on the surface of the mainland.

Gallia's conquest made Caesar extremely powerful and popular, leading to a second civil war against the Senate and Pompey. After winning, Caesar himself became a lifelong dictator. His assassination leads to the second Triad coalition of Octavius (his nephew and heir), Marcus Antonius and Lepidus, and another civil war between Octavius and Antonius. Octavius went to 27 BC to become princeps civitatis and branded Augustus, to form a prime minister, a bipolar politics between the Senate and the Senate. Rome became an empirical empire, reaching the maximum level of expansion in the second century under Emperor Zaianus. Rome is 'Caput Mundi', the capital of the world, a concept that has since republicans. For the first two centuries, the empire had the rule of Julius-Claudius, the Flavius (the dynasty for building the giant circular stage, known as Coseum or the Roman Arena) and the Antoninus. This period was characterized by the dissemination of Christianity, by Jesus speaking in Judea in the first half of the century (Tiberius) and by his followers throughout the empire and beyond. The Antoninus dynasty era is considered to be a great age of the empire, with its territories spanned from the Atlantic to Euphrates and from the UK to Egypt.

1. The ancient Roman emperor's palace was a series of palatinus hills that embodies the power and wealth of kings from Augustus until the 4th century.
2. The emperor's monumental fora (public square) was built in Rome by the emperors. In the photograph, you can also see Traianus.

After the end of the Severus Dynasty in 235, the Roman Empire entered a period of 50 years called the Third Century Crisis, where numerous revolutions from the generals who wanted to occupy areas that they had been entrusted with due to the weakness of the central government in Rome. The Gallia regime was called 260-274 and Zenobia's and her father's revolutions from the mid-260s, who had been trying to support the invasion of Persia. Some regions, such as the UK, Spain and North Africa, are mostly very difficult to influence. Instability causes the recession, and inflation is rapidly accelerated by the government lowering the level of monetary value to meet expenditure. German tribes along the Rhine and the northern Balkans carried out invasions from the 250s to 280s. The Persian Empire invaded several times during the 230s to 260s, but was ultimately defeated. In 284, the Emperor Diocletianus undertook the restoration of the empire. He put an end to the so-called princeps (former) and introduced the new title dominate (lord) to give an impression on the sovereign right. The most striking feature is the unprecedented national intervention at the city level: while the country has traditionally submitted a tax request for a city and allowed it to allocate fees, since the Diocletianus, the country has done this to the village level.

Diocletianus and Maximianus

In a pointless attempt to control inflation, he placed price controls but they could not last long. He or Constantine localized the administration of the imperialist Empire, which fundamentally changed the governance by creating regional dioceses. The existence of regional financial units since 286 plays a role as this model of unprecedented innovation. Therefore, civil authorities and military leaders will be separated. Diocletianus entrusted to the general directors more fiscal tasks and put them in charge of the military's logistical support system with an effort to control it by removing the support system from its control. Diocletianus has created a "Four Paces" (Tetrarchia) system where each emperor manages a quarter of the territory of the empire, who is Augustus, who runs half east and lives in Nicomedia. In 286, he brought Maximianus to Augustus west to run most of the Mediolanum territory (Milano today) he had ruled before. Next, he will place the two 'subordinates' or the Second Caesar, one for every Augustus, of which Constantius Chlorus under Maximianus (UK), Gallia (France) and Hispania (Spain) have a power brain at Augusta Treverorum (Trier today), and Caesar in the Eastern region. kan-Danube, which is the head of Srimium, these cities are called the fourth-largest capital city. Although Roma has been forgotten and is no longer the functioning capital, the city continues to be the nominal capital of the entire Roman Empire, not reduced to the provinces (Provincia), but remains the sole executive position of "The City" (Latin: Praefectus urbanus. The appointment of a Caesar is not unknown: Diocletianus has attempted to transform into a system of non-tidal positioning. After defaulting in 305, Caesar continued, and they appointed two colleagues to themselves in turn.

Constantine the Great is the first Roman Emperor to change religion.

After the deession of Diocletianus and Maximianus in 305 and a series of civil wars between those who had fought for imperialist power to their opponents, up to around 313, the four-nation failed. Constantinus The Great undertook a major reform of the bureaucracy, not by changing the structure, but by rationalizing the capabilities of some agencies in the 325-330s, after he defeated Licinius, the Emperor in the east, at the end of 324. The Milano Segment was actually a mail from Licinius. to the governors of the eastern provinces, giving the liberty of worshiping people, even to the owlets, and ordering the restoration of the property of the confounded church to the requests of new churches that were created. Constantine financed the construction of some churches and allowed the rabbis to play an arbitrary role in the civil suit (a measure that did not last longer than him but was restored a part later). He has transformed the Byzantium into his new home, however it is not officially a place of residence, such as Milan or Trier or Nicomedia until it was given a new name by Constantius II in May 359: Constantinople - the second and the second-largest executive position with Roma. The creation of Constantinople has a very important impact on Europe: it's a strategic line against aggression and conquer from the East for about a millennium.

Robbery in Rome in 410.

Christianity in the form of Nicea became the official religion of the empire in 380, called the Thessalonica Order through the name of the three Emperor Gratianus, Valentinianus II, and Theodosius I, who was really behind the decree. You are the last emperor of unified Rome: after he died in 395, his two sons, Arcadius and Honorius, divided the country into two west and east parts. The headquarters of the Roman Empire was transferred to Ravenna after the siege of Milan in the fifth century. In the 430s most of the Roma kings.

Rome lost her central position in the administration of the empire, and was robbed by the Visigothic I in 410, but suffered very little material damage, and was largely repaired. The popes adorned the city with the great churches, like the Cathedral of the Great Notre (working with the emperors). The population of Rome decreased from 800,000 to 450-500,000 when the city was robbed by the Vandal under Genseric in 455. Emperors in the fifth century were unable to stop the decline, and the Roman Empire ended on 22 August 270th. Augustus was deposed, for many historians, it's the Middle Ages.

The city's declining population has come from a loss of grain shipments from North Africa since 440 and the unwillingness of the elderly to maintain their contributions to support an over-sized population of available resources. But in spite of that, the efforts made to maintain the central work, the largest dome and bathroom continue to work until the Gothic siege of 537. The great baths of Constantine on Quirinalis were even repaired by 443, but the extent of the damage continues to be replicated.

1. Simulation of ancient Rome at the Roman Civilization Museum in Rome
2. Roman construction is the residual ruins of architectures in ancient Rome that represent the political, legal, religious and economic center of the city and the head of all Roman civilization

Roma represents the overall disruption and destruction of large abandoned areas due to population decline. The population declined to 500,000 by 452 and 100,000 by 500 (probably larger, although no specific figure is known). After the Gothic siege of 537, the population declined to 30,000, but rose to 90,000 in Pope Gregory. The declining population conforms to the general urban civilization of the 5th and 6th centuries, with several exceptions. The distribution of grain from national subsidies to the poorer population of society continues throughout the sixth century and may cause the population to fall further. The 450,000-500,000 figure is based on the number of 3,629,000 libra of pork (ancient Roman mass units), which is distributed to the poor people for five months of winter with the ratio of 5 libra per person per month, which is sufficient for 145,00 or 40 persons per person/000 or a third of the total. The cereal distributed to 80,000 people at the same time suggested 400,000 people (Augustus put the number to 200,000 or one fifth of the population).

Middle Ages

The collapse of an Empire, Cole Thomas's paintings at the New York Historic Museum.

The Roman bishop is called the pope, and Roma is the most important place from the early days of Christianity supported by the two Catholic apostles and the martyrs here. The Roman bishops are also recognized as Peter's heirs, who are considered the first Pope. The city therefore raises its importance as the center of Christianity. After the Roman Empire collapsed in 476, Rome was originally under the control of Odoacer and then the Ostrogoth's division before going to the East Roman War, but this war destroyed the city. Roma populations declined from more than a million in 210 to 500,000 in 273 and 35,000 after the Gothic War, reducing the city's size to a group of houses with people scattered over a vast area of ruins, vegetable carpets, grapes and markets. The city's population was believed to be 1 million (estimated 2 million to 750,000) to be reduced to 750-800,000 by 400, 450-500,000 by 450 and to 18-0. 00,000 by 500 (although this may be twice as many).

After the Lombard invaded Italy, the city was still Roman on par, but in fact the popes pursued a balanced policy between the Roman East, the Frank and the Lombard. In 729, the Sultan of the Lombard was Liutprand presented to the congregation of the town of Sutri northern Latium, beginning the synagogue's provisional power. In 756, after defeating the Lombard, the Red Pépin granted the temporary authority on the Roma State and the Ravenna Patriarch, which formed the Holy Kingdom. From here on, three forces attempted to rule the city: Pope; the nobility and the militia leaders and the judges, the Senate and the people; The kingdom of Frank, like the kingdom of Lombard, icius and the Emperor. These three factions (theism, republic, and imperialism) are a feature of Roma during the Middle Ages. On Christmas Eve of 1980, Pope Leo III handed the crown to Charlemagne in Rome as the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.

Raffaello sketches Charlemagne's landscapes at Roma on December 25, 800

In 846, the Arabs attacked unsuccessfully against the walls of Rome, but looted the churches of Peter and Paul outside the walls. After the power of the Caroling dynasty fell, Roma was in a feudal anarchist, some noble families continued to fight against the Pope, the Emperor, and oppose each other. During this time, Theora and her daughter Marozia became the concubines and mothers of some of the pope, and of the lord sealing power Crescentius, who fought against the kings of Otto II and Otto III. The scandals in this period promote the reforming pope: The papal elections are reserved for the cardinals, and an increase in reform has been made in progress. The driving force behind this is priest Ildebrando da Soana, who was elected pope and participated in the debate on the appointment of the rabbi against Emperor Heinrich IV. After that, Roma was raided and burned by the Norman under Robert Guiscard in 1084, they entered the city to support the Pope under siege in the Angel Castle.

Inside of the Cathedral, Mrs. Trastevere, one of the most beautiful churches built in the Middle Ages.

During this period, the city is autonomous under the authority of a Senatore (Senate) or patrizio (aristocratic) in the 12th century. This government is often seen in Italian cities, the advancement of the Middle Ages, as a new form of social organization, the appearance of the new rich classes. Pope Lucius II has fought against Roma society, and the struggle continues under Pope Eugene III: the public and its aristocracy were supported by Arnaldo da Brescia, a priest and a social and religious reform man. After the Pope died, Arnaldo was incarcerated by Pope Adrian IV, marking the end of the municipal autonomy. The era under Pope Innocent III was the pinnacle of the pope, the commune liquidated the Senate, and replaced it with a populous Senatore.

During this period, the pope has played an important secular role in Western Europe, often acting as referee among Christian monarchs and exercising additional political power.

Pope Boniface VIII declared the first Five Saints in 1300.

In 1266, Charles I of Anjou was appointed a congressman as he was headed south to engage the Staufer in the name of the Pope. During this period, the pope from the ceiling, and the medics gathered in Viterbo were unable to agree on the successor, the angry mayor and the building in which the assembly was to hold the red cardinals until they chose the new pope, this event marking the top of the Cardinal. During this period, the city was also devastated by continuing interactions between noble families: Annibaldi, Caetani, Colonna, Orsini, Conti, they have work on ancient Roman buildings, striving for the control of the pope.

Pope Boniface VIII was the last Pope fighting for the holistic territory of the church, who declared a crusade against Colonna, and by 1300 he called on the first five saints, bringing millions of pilgrims to Rome. However, his hope was shattered by the French King Philippe IV and made him die. Then a new, loyal pope with the French was elected, and the pope was moved in a short period to Avignon (1309-1377). In this phase, the city is neglected, until the power goes into the hands of a fellow Cola di Rienzo. An ideal idealist and admirer of ancient Rome, Cola dreamed of the rebirth of the Roman Empire. After ruling as Tribuno (the people's mandate), his reforms were rejected by the people. Cola was forced to flee, and back in the branch of the company, Cardinal Albornoz, responsible for restoring the power of the church in Italy. After returning to power in a short time, he was executed by the people, and Albornoz was able to take possession of the city, and then in 1377 under Grêgon XI, he returned to the head of the Roma. ... The Pope's return to Rome that year paved the way for Western Islam (1377-1418), and in the next forty years, the city was a victim of struggle to break up the church.

Renaissance and Modern

The famous "Athen School" painting is in the Raffello's Room Range at the Vatican (right-hand picture).

In 1418, Constance's Council deals with the Western Islam, and elected a Roma pope named Martin V. This event gave Roma a a a a an inner age of peace, marking the beginning of the Renaissance. The popes ruled until the first half of the 16th century, in which Nicola V created the Vatican Library, Pius II was a humanist and educated man, car IV was a warrior pope, Alexande VI was a immoral and her family, from Giulius II was a guardian until the X became the period ("X" "all devote their energies to the greatness and beauty of the eternal city, to the power of their seed, and to the protection of art." In these years, the center of the Italian Renze moved from Florence to Rome. Suspicious works such as the Basilica of Saint Peter, the Sistina Chapel and the Sisto Bridge were built. To finish them, the popes attracted the best artists of the moment, such as Michelangelo, Perugino, Raffaello, Ghirlandaio, Luca Signorelli, Botticelli and Cosimo Rosselli.

A Michelangelo's Adam's construction on the ceiling of the Sistina chapel, the Vatican.

This period was also notoriously notorious for the decay of the pope, with many pope raising their children, and for participating in the family of the political and the sale of power. The impedance of the popes and the enormous costs for their construction projects, in part, led to the Resistance Reform and in turn the Counter Reform Movement. For example, Alexande VI is famous for its destruction, hysteria and its unethical life. Under the power of extravagant and rich popes Roma turns himself into a art center, poetry, music, literature, education and culture. Roma has become a competitive edge with other major cities in Europe with current levels of prosperity, glory, art, knowledge and architecture. The Renaissance period significantly changed Roma's appearance, with works like Michelangelo's Pieta and Borgia painting paintings. Roma has reached the height of his glory under Pope Julius II (1503-1513) and successor such as Ledu X and Clement VII, both members of the House of Medici.

The Pietà or the sad Mother of Michelangelo, the Vatican.

In this twenty-year period Rome became one of the world's greatest art centers. The old Catholic Basilica, built by Constantine the Great, was destroyed and a new church began to form. The city welcomed artists like Ghirlandaio, Perugino, Botticelli and Bramante, who built the Peter temple in Montorio, and planned a big plan for the Vatican renovation project. Raffaello in Rome has become one of the most famous artists in Italy, has created murals in Farnesina Palace, the Raffaello Range, along with many other famous paintings. Michelangelo began to decorate the ceiling of the Sistina Chapel and created the famous Moses for the Tomb Giuliano II. Roma has lost part of his religious profile, becoming a real city of Renaissance, with a large number of popular feats, horse races, roasting festivals, conspiracy and dramatic events.

Roma robbery in 1527.

The rich Roma economy, with the presence of some Tuscany bank owners like Agostino Chigi, he was a friend of Raffaello and a patron of art. Before his early death, Raffaello also initiated the first time preserving ancient ruins. The conflict between France and Spain in Europe and the foreign policy of Clement VII, which made Rome first raided in nearly 500 years ago, in 1527, the Spanish Leant Landsknecht of King, Charles V, who hijacked the city, ended the grand usurp of Renaissance in Rome and often ended it. The end of the Italian Renaissance. This event greatly affects the history of Europe, Italy and Catholicism, creating long-term ripple effects throughout the world culture and politics.

From the Trento Council in 1545, the Catholic Church began to fight the Resistance - a massive question movement on the authority of the Church on mental issues and political events. The loss of this confidence then leads to a big shift in power away from the Church. Under the authority of the popes from Pius IV to Vienna V, Rome became the center of the Catholic reform and witnessed new anniversary buildings aimed at commenting on the restoration of the pope. The popes and the cardinals in the 17th century and early 18th century continued the movement by giving a view of the city of baroque buildings.

The Carnaval Festival of 1656 at Barberini Palace, honors Kristina, the Swedish Queen.

Another family stage, the new noble families (Barberini, Pamphili, Chigi, Rospigliosi, Altieri, Odescalchi) were guarded from their families, the popes built for their loved ones the magnificent baroque buildings. During the Enlightenment period, new ideas spread to Rome, where the pope supports archeological studies and improves the welfare of the people. But not everything went well for the Church during the Resistance. There have been many failures in trying to curb anti-Church policies of European powers at the time, the most remarkable failure was probably in 1773 when Pope Clement XIV was forced by forces to suppress the Name Line.

Modern and Modern

The ruling of the popes was interrupted shortly by the Roma Republic (1798-1800), which was built on the influence of the French Revolution. The Holy Kingdom was restored in June 1800, but in the time of Napoleon's ruling, Roma was deformed into a province of the French Empire, initially as Département du Tibre (1808-1810) and later Département (18-1111111110 814. After Napoleon was deposed, the Pope's state was restored through its membership in Austria in 1814.

In 1849, another Roma Republic institution appeared in the wave of the 1848 revolutions. Two of the most influential characters of Italy's unification was Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi fought for the Tibetan republic.

Italian soldiers destroyed Pia's gate and entered Rome on September 20, 1870.

Roma later became the focal point of the hope of reunification in Italy, when the rest of Italy were united in Italy with the provisional capital of Florence. In 1861, Rome was declared the capital of Italy, although still under the authority of the Pope. In the 1860s, the remains of the Holy Kingdom were under the protection of France, thanks to the foreign policy of Napoleon III. It took the French to leave Rome in 1870 because of the French-Prussian War that Italian soldiers could take Roma, and they entered the city through a hole in the wall near the Pia Gate. Pope Pius IX later declared himself a prisoner in the Vatican, and in 1871 the Italian capital was eventually transferred from Florence to Rome.

Allied bombings of Rome in 1943.

Shortly after the First World War, Roma witnessed the rise of the Italian Fascist under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. He marched to the capital in 1922, finally declared an Italian Empire and coalition to the Nazi. Mussolini destroyed many large sections in the city center aimed at building large highways and airports, allegedly to commend the fascist regime and revival of ancient Rome. The period between the two worlds saw a rapid increase in the population of the city, overcome a million people. In World War II, owned by the Vatican's art and presence, Roma was largely free of tragic fates like many other European cities. However, on July 19, 1943, the San Lorenzo area was bombed by the Anglo-American army, killing about 3,000 people on site and 11,000 people were injured and then 1,500 more dead. After the collapse of Mussolini's regime and the Italian Peace treaty on 8 September 1943, the city was occupied by the Germans, and was declared a city open following the Roma Liberation Event on 4 June 1944.

Roma developed very quickly after the war, one of the main drivers behind the "Italian economic era" of reconstruction and modernization in the post-conflict 1950s and early 1960s. During this period, the years of La Dolce Vita ("Sweet Life"), Roma became a movies with fashions. They're Ben Hur, Quo Vadis, where Roman HolidayStatus and ClubLa Dolce Vita are captured at the city's iconic Cineciton. The trend towards population growth continued until mid-1980s when it reached more than 2.8 million inhabitants. The population began to slow down later as residents began moving to the outskirts of Rome.

The City Hall of Rome is the Senatorio, on the Hill of Capitolinus.

Local government

Roma constitutes a special district-level city (comune splendor) with the official name of Roma Capitale ("Roma Capital"), and the largest in size and population of 8,101 administrative districts (comune) of Italy. The city is under the management of a mayor and a city. The headquarters office is located in the Senatorio Palace on the hills of Capitolinus, which is the top of the history of the city government. Local government in Rome is often called "Campidoglio", the name of this hill in Italian.

Administrative organizations

Since 1972, the city has been divided into administrative districts called municipio (before 2001 called the circoscrizione). They are designed for administrative purposes to increase decentralization in downtown areas. Each district is under the control of a chairman and a board of 25 members, they are elected by residents every five years. The districts often cross the boundaries of traditional and administrative divisions of the city. The number of districts initially was 20, then 19, and by 2013 this had fallen to 15.

District	Name	Population (people) December 31, 2015	Area (km²)	Density (people/km²)	Map
District 1	Storico Centro Historical center	186,802	19.91″	9,382
District 2	Parioli-Nomentano	167,736	19.60	8,567
District 3	Monte Sacro Municipality Holy Mountain	204,514	97.82″	2,091
District 4	Tiburtina Municipality	177,084	49.15 miles	3,603
District 5	Prenestino	246,471	27.00	9,137
District 6	Roma delle Torri Roma of the towers	256,261	113.40	2,261
District 7	San Giovanni - Cinecitta Saint John - Cinecitevil	307,607	46.80	6,580
District 8	Appia Antica Ancient Appia	131,082	47.29 knots	2,772
District 9	EUR	180,511	183.17 tons	985
District 10	Province of Ostia	230,544	150.64	1,530
District 11	Portu	154,871	70.90	2,185
District 12	Monte Verde Blue Mountain	140,996	73.12″	1,928
District 13	Aurelia Municipality	133,813.813	68.70	1,949
District 14	Monte Mario Mount Mario	190,513	131.30	1,451
District 15	Cassia Flaminia	158,561	186.70	849
In all	15 districts	2,867,366 people	1,285.5 km²	2,230 people/km²

Historical center area

13th Street, Trastevere, one of Roma's most famous old neighborhoods.

Roma is also divided by a variety of administrative units. The Historic Center of Rome was divided into 22 precincts called rione, all within the walls of Aurelianus except for two Prati and Borgo. They originate in parts of the ancient Roma, evolved into medieval riones. By the time of the Renaissance, under Pope Sixtus V, they reached again at number 14, their boundaries were finally determined by the Pope of the XIV Sea in 1743.

A new way of dividing into the city under Naples quickly disappeared, and there was no clear change in the organization of the city until 1870, when Roma became Italian capital, the need for the new city has led to an explosion in the city and out of the walls of Aurelianus. In 1874, the 15th ward was the Esquilino that was created in the newly urbanized part of the Monti ward. When it came to the 20th century, the other precincts were created as Prati, and at the end. Later, the new administrative divisions of the city use the name quartiere ("area"). Today, all the rione wards are District 1, the equivalent of the historical centralized region (Centro Storico).

Metropolitan and regional government

Roma is the town of the Metropolitan City, which operates on January 1, 2015. This city replaces the old Roma province, including the urban capital city, and extends to the north to Civitavecchia. The largest city of Rome in terms of area in Italy is 5,352 km², the equivalent of the region of Liguria. Roma is also the capital of Lazio.

Central government

Roma is the Italian capital, and is the base of Italy, the official mansions of the Italian President and the Italian Prime Minister, the bishop of the Italian Parliament and the Italian Constitutional Court are in the historic center of the city. Government ministries are spread throughout the city; it includes the Department of State and International Cooperation, which is located at the Farnesina Palace near the Olimpico stadium.

Tiberina Island is a natural run in the middle of the Tevere, central Roma.

Location of history

Roma formed the Tevere basin of the historic Latium, today is the Central Italian Lazio region, and the original inhabitants of seven hills stand over a dry land near Tiberina Island, which is the only natural foray of the river in this region. During the length of history from the ancient time to the late 19th century, the urban limit of Rome was considered to be an area within the walls of Aurelianus, an area of 13.7 kilometers.

Originally, the Servius wall was built 12 years after Gallia raided the city in 387 BC. It includes most of the hills of Esquilinus and Caelius, as well as the rest of the five hills. Rome quickly grew out of this city, and no more need to be built for any other defense by the stability of the Roma Politburo and the protection of the Roman army, until nearly 700 years after 270, due to the Third-century crisis and the invasion of the great tribes, the Aurelianus, the Emperor Aurelianus, began to build the great cities and build the city. More massive to protect Rome, they were nearly 19 kilometers long, and it was the wall that the Italian soldiers had to pass to enter the city in 1870 with the mission of unification in Italy.

Modern territory

He's got Roma's satellite.

Roma view from the air.

From the ancient Rome of 14km to the core, the modern Roma territory extends widely, including primitive or abandoned areas for centuries and swamps, which are not suitable for agricultural and urban development. With an area of 1,285 km² Roma is the largest city of Italy and one of Europe's enormous capital in area. Therefore, the population density of Rome is not high, with the presence of vast green spaces throughout the city. The Roma world is divided between high-urbanization areas and the areas identified as parks, natural protected areas, and agricultural purposes.

District 10 named Ostia is the only seaport district of the capital.

The city's metropolitan area was split up in two sections through the perimeter of Grande Rconcerdo ("GRA"), completed in 1962, and it surrounded the inner city with a radius of about 11 kilometers from the hills of Capitolinus. While the rings and bounds are complete, most of the neighborhoods are inside it (one of the exceptions is the old village of Ostia located on the edge of the Tyrrhenum), after many new urban areas were built to expand beyond 20 kilometers. The city also has another river, Aniene, that's stored in Tevere, north of the historic center.

Although the Roma center is about 24 kilometers from the Tyrrhenum, the city's border stretches to the coast on the south-west coast of District 10, named Ostia, so Roma is one of the few European capitals that have the coastline and also the largest coastal city of the continent with a long coastline 20 kilometers.

Landforms

The model of ancient Rome with the seven Roman hills at the Roman Civilization Museum.

The Roma territory has a complex geological history: the ground floor consists of material induced by lava volcanoes which are no longer active, around the southeast city area of Latium volcano in the Albani Mountains and the northwest Sabatini volcano, somewhere between 300,000 and 600,000 years ago. Most of the hills in Rome are formed from this terrain. Later, the flexible currents of the Tevere and Aniene contributed to the erosion of specialists and sediments characteristic of the real world. Therefore, the territory of Rome presents different natural landscapes and environmental characteristics: Some mountains and hills (including seven Roman hills of history), flat areas, Tevere and its branches, an island on the river (Tiberina Island), the coast of Ostia as well as Lake Bracciano and Martignano and synthetic lakes. Roma's seismic area is classified into area 3, which means the earthquake is low.

A first-born Roma was built on the Seven Roman hills, including Aventinus, Caelius, Capitolinus, Esquilinus, Palatinus, Quirinalis and Viminalis. The historic center consists of the hills of Janiculum, Pincius and the Vatican hills, as well as artificial hills like Testaccio and Mount Giordano. Outside the walls beyond the high hills like Mario Mountain (Monte Mario), Mount Antenne, Mount Parioli, Holy Mountain (Montesacro) and Blue Mountains (Monteverde). The Roma height ranges from 13 meters above sea level (in the Pantheon downtown) to 139 meters above the sea level in Mario (the highest point in Rome, from which one can look at one of the most beautiful landscapes of the city).

Tuyet is considered to be rare in Rome.

Rome has the Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification): Csa), in the cool and wet winter and in the warm and dry summer. The average temperature of the year is above 20°C (68°F) in daylight and 10°C (50° F) at night. In the coldest month was January, the average temperature was 12°C (54°F) in the daytime and 3°C (37° F) at night. In the hottest months of July and August, the average temperature is 30°C (86°F) in daytime and 18°C (64°F) at night.

Months 12, 1 and 2 were the coldest months, the average temperature of the day was 8°C (46° F). The temperature in these months usually range from 10 to 15°C (50 - 59° F) during the day and 3 to 5°C (37 to 41 F) at night, but there are usually colder or warmer waves. Snow is a rare but not without, light or snow-rains that occur almost every winter, usually do not accumulate, and major snowwaves take place once every five years (most recently in 2018, before 2012).

The average humidity is 75 percent, ranging from 72 percent in July to 77 percent in November. Sea Force temperatures range from 13°C (55°F) in February and March to 24°C (75°F) in August.

Roman population chart from 270 BC to modern (unit: thousand people)

Source: ISTAT - Italian National Institute of Statistics

Carnival simulated a Carnival in Rome in 1650.

In 550 BC, Roma was the second largest city in Italy, after Tarentum was the largest city. Roma had an area of about 285 hectares and the population was estimated to be 35,000. Other sources say that the population was close to 100,000 from 600-500 BC to be established in 509 BC, the demographic survey recorded 130.0 0. The Roman Republic consists of the city itself and the surrounding area. Other sources indicate that the population reached 150,000 in 500 BC. Roma population exceeded 300,000 in 150 BC.

The city's size at Emperor Augustus was an issue to study, estimates based on food allocations, food imports, water supplies, city limits, population density, and demographic reports, and assumptions about women, children and slaves not reported. Glenn Storey estimates that there are 450,000 people, Whitney Oates estimates 1.2 million, Neville Morely at 800,000 and disqualifies the earlier recommendations for 2 million.

Easter at Rome in 1840.

After the Roman Empire collapsed, the city's population fell below 50,000 people. The population has remained stagnant or declined until the Renaissance. When the Italian Kingdom joined Rome in 1870, the city had a population of about 200,000, which went up to 600,000 just before World War I. Mussolini's fascist regime has tried to prevent the population from increasing too much, but failed and the population reached a million in the early 1930s. Population growth continued after the Second World War, thanks to a boom in post-war. Building explosion also created a large number of suburbia in the 1950s and 1960s.

By the mid-192010s, there were 2,754,440 residents living in the city boundaries, and about 4.2 million people living in the Great Rome region (roughly the corresponding to the city boundary of the city of the city, with a density of about 800 people per square kilometer across over 5,000 km). In 2010, juveniles accounted for 17 percent of the population, and retiree age people were 20.76 percent, and the national equivalent figures were 18.06 and 19.94 percent. The average age of the Roma population is 43 compared to the national average of 42. In five years from 2002 to 2007, the Roman population rose 6.54 percent, while the Italian population increased 3.56 percent. The present Rome fertility rate is 9.1 births per 1,000 population compared to the average birth rate of Italy of 9.45.

The urban area of Rome grows outside the administrative boundaries of the city, with a population of about 3.9 million. From 3.2 to 4.2 million people living in the central city of Rome.

Esquilino Ward.

Ethnic minority groups

According to the ISTAT survey in 2009, around 9.5% of the Roma population were not Italian; about half of the immigrants were from European descent (mainly in Romania, Poland, Ukraine, and Albania) a total of 131,118 or 4.7% of the population. The remaining 4.8% are people of European origins, the majority of the Philippines (26,933), Bangladesh (12,154), and the Chinese (10.283).

The Esquilino area next to the Termini central station grew into a large immigration area, known as the Roman Chinatown. Immigrants from over a hundred countries reside here. Because of the commercial area Esquilino has restaurants that carry the characteristics of many international food platforms. Of the 1,300 establishments which operate in the wards, there are 800 Chinese-owned establishments, about 300 are run by other immigrants, and 200 are owned by Italian people.

Religion in ancient Rome

The first Roman Emperor Augustus played the role of Grand Priest (Pontifex Maximus) of Roman, the Roman Catholic Church.

Rome was formerly the center of Roman theism, classical religion, which has roots in connection with the history and traditions of Rome since its creation. In spite of its influence and borrowed mostly from Greece and other cultures such as Etrusca or Sabine, Roman religions (Latin: religi a) owns unique characteristics thanks to the historical, psychological and political nature of the Roman society. Roman religions are also characterized by the annual festival cycle associated with Rome; however, with the expansion of the empire, new religions and mysticism, mainly from the East, have spread through the city. Unlike the Greek mythology, the Roman gods have no independent existence. the Roman religion did not concentrate very much on mythology or strained to form a system of moral ideology which instead played a "instrument of government" (Latin: Rhinella regni): there has been since the ancient Roman history and, in fact, religious institutions are not separate from politics. Initially, "Grand Priest" (Latin: pontifex maximus) the most important title of ancient Rome's religion was independent under the Roman Republic, and was gradually politically enthroned until Augustus entered it into the emperor. The first gods of the Roma are Jupiter (highest in their position), Juno, Minerva, Vesta, Janus, Mars, etc. and the other gods of idolatry are personified. According to the legend, Mars is a god and father of the two founders of Romulus and Remus. There are also a few small gods who play the guardian spirit, like Lares and Penate, too. This ancient religion was the foundation of mos maiorum (i.e., the "ancestor's customs" or simply "tradition") considered the core of the Roman cultural identity, including the timetable, the patterns of standard behavior and the associated social practices and influences on personal life, the ancient Rome.

For the ordinary Roman people, the Roman religion has become part of everyday life. Every house has a time in its family, where prayer and wine rituals for the gods to keep it. The temples and settlements and holy places like springs and groves of trees everywhere in the city. Roman calendar is built around religious rituals. Women, slaves and children all participate in a series of religious activities. Some public ceremonies can only be carried out by women, and women have formed the most well-respected and well-known capitalist Roma, Virgin Vesta, who has the duty to look after the fire of the sacred Vesta of Rome for centuries, until dissolved under the dominance of Christianity.

The original Pantheon is an ancient Roman temple, "for all the gods of the past, present and future," now a Catholic church.

In the beginning of the first century, like what's happening in the other important cities of the empire, which Christianity spreads very quickly in Rome, initially considered as a Jewish cult, Christians of every social class having their own organization, as a Christian and led by a Catholic bishop (later as a hered) who was regarded as the next, as the next, the next, The apostle of Jesus was martyred at Rome with St. Paul after all became the magistrate of the city. According to the event of Constantine The decree in 19313 and the Thessalonica decree in 380 of the next Roman emperors, Christianity became the official pope of the entire empire and the synagogue in Rome, where the custody of the Holy Ghost, has strengthened the ceremonial power and spiritual strength of the alliance. the political institutions that are characteristic of many centuries later.

Roman Catholic Church

Now, like the rest of Italy, Roman Catholicism is the dominant religion in Rome, and the city is the most important center of this religion and piloted in centuries, the head of the Vatican and the Pope. Although there have been some interruptions (e.g. Pope Avignon), Roma in centuries has been the headquarters of the Roman Catholic Church, and the Bishop of Rome.

There are more than 900 churches in Rome, and the city owns more than basilica, a special honors for churches with unique architecture and importance in history and spirituality) than anywhere else. There are only four churches in the world that hold the title of "The Great Basilica Maggiore", the highest church of the Church, and they all sit in Rome. Every other church that holds the title of "the sanctuary king" in the city and the world is "the subdivision of the sanctuary" (basilica minore).

Although Roma has the Vatican City and the Basilica of St. Peter, the city's Cathedral, the city's Cathedral of St. John's Cathedral on the south-east of the center, the oldest and most important church in the Western world, is the headquartet of the Catholic Church in the name and the place of the pope, The mother and the Head of all churches in Rome and around the world."

Beside the Cathedral and the Holy Peter Church, the other two churches in the four great churches of the pope are the Cathedral of the Great Mosque and the Cathedral of St. Paul's Outer. In addition, other notable churches include St. Clement's Basilica, Carlo at Quattro Fontane, the Church of Jesus. There are also ancient Roman crypts underneath the city. Many high-importance religious education organizations are also located in Rome, including the University of Pope Laterano, Pope's Institute, Gregoriana University, Eastern Pope Church Academy.

• The four great churches - the four highest churches of the Catholic Church are in Rome
• Archbasilica of St. John's in Lateran
  41°′ 9.26″ B 12°30 ′ 22.16″D / 41,833°B 12.5°F/41,833; 12,500.000

• Basilica churches in the Vatican
  41°′54 ″ 8 B 12°27 ′ 12″ B / 41,9022°B 12,4533°F/41,9022; 12,453.33

• Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls
  41°′ 31 B ″ 12°28 ′ 38 ″B / 41.85861°B 12.472°F/41,85861; 12,477.22 deaths

• Basilica of the Notre Dame
  41°′ 53 ″ B 12°29 ′ 55 ″ b of 41.8975°B 12.49861°F/41,89750; 12,498.61m

Vatican City

St. Peter's Square looks from above.

The Vatican City State is part of the Vatican (Vatican hills), and of the Vatican's scope, where the Holy Catholic Basilica, the Telegraph office, the Sistina Chapel, and other museums and buildings. The area is the Borgo Borgo of Rome until 1929, because the Vatican is on the west bank of the Tevere and separate from the central city, so the Vatican is protected in the walls of Pope Leo IV (847-855), which expands into the walls of Phase III (1534-1549), Pius IV (1559-1565) and Urban VIII (1623-1644) as it is today.

The Vatican museums are fourth among the most visited museums in the world.

The Laterano Treaty in 1929 created the Vatican State, the boundaries of the territory proposed by the fact that most of them were within this circle. At some border areas there are no walls, and the boundaries of certain buildings form part of the border, and a small segment of the border is a wall built into the modern era. In the Vatican territories, there is Saint Peter's Square, separated from Italy by only a white line along the limits of the square, and against Pius XII. Saint Peter's Square connects with Via della Conbroazione (i.e. "The Road of Peace"), which runs directly to the banks of the Tevere. This big entrance was designed by architects Piacentini and Spaccarelli, at the desire of Benito Mussolini and was negotiated with the church after the signing of the Laterano Agreement. In the same agreement, some of the assets of the Holy See are in Italian territory, most notably the Palaces of Pope Castel Gandolfo and the holy monarchs, which have the same monarchy as foreign embassies.

Pilgrimages

The Basilica of St. Peter's at night looks from the Road of Peace.

As the pillar of the pope and possession of the mass of the religious saints pertaining to the apostles, saints and martyrs, Rome has long been the great pilgrimage of Christians. People from all over the world visit the Vatican in the heart of Rome, where the Pope's dwelling is most influential in the Middle Ages. The city became the great pilgrimage site in the Middle Ages and the focus of the struggle between the Pope and the Holy Roman Empire started from Charlemagne, who was first awarded to Rome in 800 by Pope Leo III. In addition to the short term as an independent city in the Middle Ages, Roma remained the capital of the Pope and the Christian city for many centuries, even as the pope moved to Avignon, France for a short time (1309-1377). The Catholics believe that the Vatican is the last resting place of Saint Peter.

Pilgrimage to Rome may include visits by a large number of locations, both in Vatican City and in Italian territory. A common stop is the staircase of Philatas: that is, according to Christian tradition, steps leading to the Phongxius Philatus in Jerusalem, where Jesus Christ set foot on the path to trial in his own quest. For centuries, Scala Santa ("Holy orders") has attracted Christians to honor the difficult love of Jesus, the alleged staircases by St Helena to Roma in the fourth century. The sanctuaries of the rest are some of the ancient ancestors built since the Roman era, among those living in the sinus who have died and buried them. the ceremony in suppression, and the various national churches (including San Luigi dei Francesi and Santa Maria dell'Anima), or the church associated with individual religions, such as the Church of Jesus and Sant'Ignazio.

Inside St. Paul's Cathedral beyond.

Traditionally, the pilgrims of Rome and the citizens of Rome thanked God for his grace to visit directly with the seven pilgrims (Latin). septem ecclesiarum, Italian: a chiese) within 24 hours of Wednesday in Holy Week. This mandatory tradition for every pilgrimage in the Middle Ages was sanctioned by the Sanctuary in the 16th century, combined the holiday component and share the universal religious experience through the discovery of the heritage of the Elected Prosecutors, according to which each church will make a prayer, a singing and a short lectures. The seven traditional churches include the four Great Empires of the Cathedral (Vatican, St. Paul in the suburbs, Saint John in Lateran and the Great), the other three churches are the Expatriate Church (an Elevated Christian church), the Church of St. Gerusalemme (a church founded by St Helena, the mother of the faith, the reservinced to the interstle of St. The cross, and St. Elbastianon of the Suburbs (located on the Appia road and built upon the Roman tomb). In the year of St. 2000, Pope John Paul II replaced the Church of Saint Helena with the Cathedral of the Cathedral of the High Love Cathedral (Madonna del Divino Amore), yet many of the pilgrims still prefer the previous seven traditional churches and so they visit more Sêbastianon who would like to confess or deny it. even the fact that she walked from there to the Roma residential area took at least half a day's journey to the city and said she would be granted a pardon if she visited the four great lords of the temple after that.

Other religions

In recent years, there has been significant growth in the Muslim community in Rome due mainly to immigration from North Africa and the Middle East to the city. As the number of Muslim fundamentalists in the localities has increased, they have encouraged the construction of Roma Mosques. Established on 21 June 1995, an area of 30,000 square meters with a capacity of more than 12,000 people, the largest mosque in the Western world and is the head office of the Islamic Center in Italy.

Since the end of the Roman Republic, Rome has also been the center of an important, oldest Jewish community in Europe. Judaism by tradition is limited to the Ghetto Roma under the pope's rule. With over 20,000 people, they have their own unique dialect. The Jewish cathedral of Rome or Tempio Maggiore is the most important spiritual center of the Jews in the city.

Rome also has the presence of a small Protestant, Orthodox and other religious division. The construction of the Mormon Complex in Rome was announced on October 4, 2008 by Thomas S. Monson, president of the Church of Jesus Christ's Future Saints at a congress. The temple was opened on January 14, 2019, becoming the first Massacre church in Italy, including the Palo Center (House of Conferences), the welcoming center, the family history center, the guest house and the gardens, serving the members of the Maceist Church in Greece, Cyprus, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina as well as the 26060000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000-year-10000000000, 2 members 0,000 members of the cult in Italy.

The Roman Arena and the Arc of Constantine.

People's Square, Roma in 1750.

The architecture of Rome for many centuries has developed dramatically, particularly from the classical style and the Roman Empire to the modern architectural style. For a while, Rome had been the primary center of architecture in the world, developing new forms of architecture like domes, domes and domes. Roman styles in the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries were also widely adopted in Roman architecture, then the city became one of the main centers of the Renaissance, Baroque and classical innovation.

Ancient Rome

One of the symbols of Rome is the Roman Arena (beginning in 72 and completed in 80), the largest outdoor palette ever built in the Roman Empire and still the largest in the world's supply stands. The earliest capacity for this audience was 60,000 spectators, and this space was used for the wrestlers and other public events such as the hunting program, the restoration of well-known battles and theater dissemination based on classic mythology. Ancient Roman sites and sites include the Roman Catholic site, the Domus Aurea building, the Pantheon, the Traianus, the Traianus, the Servius Wall, and the Aurelianus and the gates, the Ancient Race School of Circus Maximus, Public Baths of Caracalla, Castle of Angels, La Pacio, Augustus Pactus, The finished Constantinus, the Pyramid of Cestius and the Mouth of Truth.

Middle Ages

The city's famous medieval neighborhoods, mainly located around the hills of Capitonilus, were largely destroyed from the late 19th century and the fascist period, but many of the remarkable work remained. The Catholic basilica, which dates back to the beginning of the Catholic Church, consists of the Cathedral of the Notre Dame and the Basilica of St Paul's on the Prefecture, (has later been restored into the 19th century). Both buildings were carved with a sophisticated design that had a high value for aesthetic value from the fourth century BC. Another remarkable Middle Ages art and art styles of art can also be found in churches such as the Great Basilica of Mrs. Trastevere, Santi Quattro Coronati and Santa Prassede. The profane buildings include a large number of towers, the largest of which are the Milizie and Conti. Both of them lay next to the Roman Catholic site and the great staircase leading to the Cathedral of Mrs. Aracoeli.

Renaissance and Baroque

Roma is the great Renaissance center of the world, only after Florence, and is deeply influenced by the Renaissance movement. This stage has a masterpiece by the Renaissance architecture in Rome that is the Campidoglio Square designed by Michelangelo. At the same time, the great noble families of Roma typically build luxury dwellings such as the Palace of Quirinale (now the headquarters of the President of the Italian Republic), Venice, Farnese, Barberini, Chigi, Spada, Cancelleria and Farnesina.

Many of the city's famous halls have remained in the shape that was created during the Renaissance and Baroque. Some of them are very large, majestic in the pyramids in the middle, some of them are small and poetic. The main square was Navona Square, Spanish Square, Campo de'Fiori, Venezia Square, Farnese Square, Rotonda Square and Minerva Square. One of the best examples of the Baroque art is the Trevi fountain of Nicola Salvi. The other notable Baroque houses of the 17th century are the Madama Palace, which is now the headquarters of the Italian and Montecitorio Senate, which is now home to the Italian House.

• Some famous square in Rome
• Square of Navona

• Place de la Spain

• Campidoglio Square

• Rotonda Square

• People's Square

Classical Chinese

Vittoriano National Monument.

In the first decade after becoming the capital of the United Kingdom of Italy, Rome remained in place with the ancient works. The city was modest in 1870, floating in the literal sense of the wall of Aurelianus, with its primal dimensions, the city was still a very small, impractical province, street, and a lack of all the basic services of a modern city. Many necessary urban planning activities have taken place including the construction of major public administration buildings (governmental departments, Ministry of Justice, empowerment, embassies, embassies, embassies), and the establishment of new roads (Vittorio Emanuele II, 20 September), building housing for new officials, and developing infrastructure (Slaughters). Hey, barracks... renovate your face on Tevere. Artists and architects of the 18th century sought a new style that was not tied to the Church. They looked at ancient Greek civilization in pre-Christian history and formed a new architectural school based on order, balance and harmony, dominated Rome's architecture at the time.

One of the most famous symbols of the Roman New Classical School is the Vittoriano National Monument, which has destroyed a large part of the Capitolinus and the neighboring Middle East to build, where the country has written unnamed soldiers, representing 650,000 Italians who fell in World War I. The Palace of Justice is located in Cavour Square, which is a good example of mediocrity. The international exhibition on art in 1911 gave birth to the Mazzini square, as well as the creation of the National Gallery for Modern Art. A manuscript for the coastal city expansion plan (Ostia, Fregene) was introduced in 1916. Coppewary (1921-1927) is a prominent example of ​ Art ​ Nouveau architecture. The gardens of the beautiful Garbatella arches were formed in the 1920s.

Fascist

The Fascist system rules in Italy between 1922 and 1943 marked in Rome. Mussolini allowed for the construction of new roads and square, leading to the destruction of roads, houses, churches and palaces that were constructed during the time of the pope's ruling. The main activities in his government are: "isolate" hills of Capitolinus; Monti, after its name is Impero Street, and finally Fori Imperiali; Mare road, after the name of Teatro di Marcello; "isolated" by Ling Augustus, with the creation of Augusto Imperatore Square; The Road of Peace.

Benito Mussolini.

In terms of architecture, fascist adores the most modern movements, such as the only architectural structure. In parallel with this, in the 1920s, another style emerged, called "Stile Novecento" developed a characteristic architectural style because of the association with ancient Rome. An important building in this style is the Parc of Mussolini, now the Italian Place, by Enrico Del Debbio. In addition, the most important Acid architectural bookmarks in Rome were the E.U.R. region designed by Marcello Piacentini in 1938. The most representative building of the EUR is Civileus Italiana Italiana (1938-1943), the symbolic design, which is seen as the La Sanctuary. squares', and the Congressi Telegraph, for example, the idealism. It was originally designed for the World Expo of 1942 ("Esposione sale 1942") and called "E.42" ("Esposione 42"). However, the world exhibition had no chance to take place because in 1940 Italian countries entered the second world war and the focus buildings were destroyed in part in 1943 during the war between the Italian and German forces after the war and were abandoned. The area was restored in the 1950s, when the Roma government realized that they had the seeds of an off-center economic zone like the other cities that were still planning during that time (such as the London Docklands and La Défense in Paris). In addition to Electricity Farnesina, the headquarters of the Italian State Department, was designed in 1935 in a purely fascist manner.

Contemporary

Roma walks out of World War II with very few devastating bombings. The 1950s were an opportunity to complete the Termini central station as well as Cristoforo Colombo, to the sea. The District was completed and became a financial economic district, and the first subway was opened in 1955. To serve the 1960s Summer Olympics, the Olimpico stadium and two other sports trails built, as well as the Olimpico Village. In addition to the traditional Ciampino airport, a new airport - Leonardo da Vinci International Airport in Fiumicino was inaugurated in 1961 to meet the growing demand and become Roma's main airport.

The city center underwent numerous extensive reforms during the 2000 St., and the decolor palaces, as time has been restored to their original colors during these reform operations. From the beginning of the 21st century Rome began to open new buildings in contemporary architecture: Auditorium Parco della Musica in 2002, the Roma Contemporary Art Museum (MACRO) in 2002, MAXXI in 2010 and Roma Conference Center, opened in 2016 in the district.

Green space and ecosystems

Public parks and nature reserves occupy a large area in Rome. Well, Roma is the city with the largest area of green space in European capitals.

The most notable part of the blue space was characterized by numerous villas and gardens of the Italian aristocracy; although many villas were destroyed in the stage of the construction boom of the late 19th century but still remain in large quantities. Most noteworthy of these are the Borghese villas, Ada Restaurant and the Pamphili Doria. The Pamphili Doria is in the west of the Janiculum Hill 1.8 kilometers across. In addition, on the hills of Janiculum, there is a Sciarra villa with play playgrounds for children and shadow areas. In the vicinity of the Roma Botanico Garden (Orto Botanico) is a motley green space and shadowy. The ancient Rome racing field Circus Maximus is another big green space, but the main attraction here is the old horse racing places, and the trees are relatively small. Near by the beautiful Celimontana villa, near the gardens around the public bathhouse Caracalla and the Rose Garden. The garden of Borghese's Borghese villa is the largest and most famous green space in Rome, where there are historic artistic galleries that are between the shade and the green walkway. It's close to the Spanish staircase and the People's Square. Rome also has more local gardens formed nearby, such as the local garden of Pineto and Appia. There are also natural reserves in Marcigliana and Tenuta di Castelporziano.

The Argentine Tower, where Caesar was murdered by the Senate, is now the largest wildcat shelter in Rome.

Thousands of animals, living animals and non-life animals in perpetual cities. The most common example of this is the Roman Arena and the surrounding archeological site of wildcat wildcat wildlife, recognized by the city authorities as "The Cultural and Biological Heritage of Rome" since 2001 (the only example in Italy for such a decision). The Roman cats have about 300,000 individuals, living in ancient and ubiquitous ruins, grouped in at least 400 cat shelter identified as a free living environment. Many people of Rome are mainly women who care and feed them. The term "gattare" in Italian refers to these women.

Among the bird, the characteristic blue flute is estimated to have about 5 million individuals. Rome for many years was the largest number of Italian cities, which had ever flooded the city since the postwar, after the destruction of the suburban wetlands, and they found an urban environment with fewer predators and easier living. The first areas occupied by the birds were the green areas of Venice's, Torlonia's Residence and Cavour Square, followed in 1970 by Ada Villa, Pamphilj's, to Highway 20 September, Trastevere Avenue and Appia Nuova. Then they took over Tevere's riverside trees, between Matteotti's Bridge and the Angel Bridge, and finally flooded both sides. In migration seasons, they usually cause accidents that collide with aircraft engines at city airports as well as problems of sewage in symbolic tourist sites. Over the past few years, seagull has invaded deep into Roma centers due to the poor management of the city, waste beaches and leftovers have become attractive and attract them, and at the same time attacked and ate other birds like pigeon or flute, which, according to the authorities, they have become more and more aggressive.

Water fountain and water bridges

The Trevi fountain started to be built from ancient Rome and was completed by Nicola Salvi's architect in 1762 according to the original design of Lorenzo Bernini.

Roma also owns the nickname "The City of the Founders", with 50 fountain monuments and hundreds of airports and more in total over 2000, more than any other city in the world, and fountain stations became the familiar symbols of Roma. The fountain stations in Rome are constructed in all different ways, from the classical, medieval to the Baroque and the neoclassical school. The fountain was in the city over 2,000 years ago, and people brought drinks and decorated the platforms of Rome. In the Roman Empire, in '98 BC, according to Sextus Julius Frontinus, the adviser of Rome and the guardian of the city's water supply, Rome had nine water supply systems, provided water supplies led to 39 memorial sites and 591 small bathwater stations, regardless of the water supply to its royal highlands, the owner of the private residence. Each large fountain is connected to two different watersheds, in case a system cannot operate as a result of maintenance.

In the 17th and 18th centuries, the popes rebuilt the ruins and built new founders to mark their time, opening the golden age to the Roma fountain. Like Rubens' drawings, Roma fountains are a manifestation of Baroque art. There are a lot of emotional and resilient symbols that are located in the fountain. In these fountain stations, sculpture has become the main factor, and water is added simply to create movement and play the role of sculpture. They're like Baroque gardens, which are "a very confident and powerful expression."

• Some famous fountain stations in Rome
• Fiumi fountain,
  Square of Navona

• Barcaccia fountain,
  Place de la Spain

• Acqua Pola fountain,
  Janiculum

• Tritone fountain,
  Barberini Square

• Nettuno fountain,
  Square of Navona

Sculpture

Roma is famous for its sculptures, but especially those with high-emotional transfusion imagery, "talking images." They are often the ancient statues that have become the medium to deliver speeches about political and social discussions, the place where people can speak up about their views (normally the prosaic movement). There are two famous statues: Pasquino and Marforio, there are still four other symbols worthy of note, il Babuino, Madama Lucrezia, il Facchino and Abbot Luigi. Most of them came from the ancient Rome or from the classical era, most of which depicted characters in mythology; il Pasquino, representing Menelaus, the Abbot Luigi, a mysterious Roman judge, il Babuino, which represents Silenus, Marforio representing Oceanus, Madama Lucrezia is a semi-image of Isis, and il Facchino was the only statue made not of Rome, made in 1580, and no one of any particular characters. The images, which are usually covered with posters or graffiti or paint drawings, reveal ideas and political opinions. Other statues in the city are not emotional and perceptive, including the Angel Bridge, or some remnants that are scattered in the city, like Giordano Bruno from Campo de'Fiori.

Pen and Memorial Columns

Roma is the world's most tower store. The city has eight Egyptian pyramids (including Lateranese, in St. John Lateran's Cathedral as the world's largest Egyptian pyramids) and five ancient Roman pads and some more modern; The city also held the Axum Tower pen of Ethiopia until its repayment in 2005. The towers were mainly located in big square, such as in the Square, Saint Peter Square, Montecitorio Square, People's Square, and other memorial towers in big parks, public baths and public parks, in public parks, and public parks, and public parks, and parks, and parks, and gardens. for example, in the Celimontana villa, the Diocletianus public bath and the Pincius hills.

• Some of the best pens and memorials in Rome
• Lateranese Tower pens at St. John Lateran Square

• Vatican Tower (Egypt) in Saint Peter's Square

• Flaminio (Egypt) Tower in People's Square

• Solare Tower (Egypt) pen in Montecitorio Square

• Macuteo (Egypt) pylon in Rodonta Square

• Agonalis (Rome) in Navona Square

• Sallustiano Tower (Rome) on the top of Spain

• 

  The Esquilino Tower on the Back of the Great Notre Dame

• Marconi pens (modern) in EUR district

• 

  Trajan's Column at Traianus

• 

  Marcus Aurelius column in Colonna Square

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  Hoa Binh column in the Old Lady's Square

In addition, Roma's center has two ancient Roman memorials known as the Traianus and Marcus Aurelius's Column with a slightly spirited appearance. The column Marcus Aurelius was placed in Colonna Square built by the Emperor Commodus in 180 to remember his parents. This memorandum is inspired by the Central Coast of Zaianus, part of the Emperor's Square.

Bridge

Vittorio Emanuel II as the sun sets.

The city of Rome has many famous bridges north through the Tevere. The only bridge that has remained in place so far has not been changed the Fabricius Bridge since ancient times, linking Tiberina to the brink of the river. The other Roman bridges north through the Tevere River are the Cestio Bridge, the Angel Bridge, and the Milvio Bridge, despite their change. Consider the northbound Nomentano Bridge along the Aniene river, built in ancient Rome, and there remain five ancient Roman bridges in the city that still exist today. The other notable bridges were the Sisto Bridge, the first bridge was built in the Renaissance on the Roman foundation; The Rotto, truly the only arch left of the ancient Aemilius Bridge, collapsed in the 1598 flood and was destroyed in the late 19th century; and Vittorio Emanuele II, a modern bridge that connects the great Vittorio Emanuele and the Borgo. Most of the city's public bridges are built in the old style or the Renaissance, but they also have Baroque, New Classical and Modern styles. According to æ Encyclopdia Britannica, the most beautiful archeological bridge remaining in Rome was the Angel Bridge, completed in 135 and decorated with the ten statues of angels, designed by Lorenzo Bernini in 1688.

Ancient

Domitilla with a 17 kilometer underground tunnel system is considered the oldest and best preserved tomb at Rome.

Rome has a large number of ancient crypts or underground burials in the city or near the city, with at least 40, some of them have been discovered in the last few decades. Although the most famous are the Christian burial sites, there are still pagans and Jews, either buried in separate graves or interspersed in a piece of land. The first large-scale graves were excavated from the second century on. They were originally carved from a soft spot from volcanic ash which is tufo's rock and located at locations off the edge of the city, because Roman law prohibits it from burial in the city. The pope's committee now holds the power and responsibility for maintaining its fans.

According to the research by station WC on global city, Roma is a Beta city, ranked behind Milan. In 2014, Rome won 32 according to the Global Cities Index index, the highest in Italy. In 2005, with GDP of 94.376 billion euros (US$121.5 billion), a contributed 6.7 percent of all domestic products in Italy (more than any other city in Italy). In addition, the urban unemployment rate from mid-2001 and 2005 has fallen from 11.1 percent to 6.5 percent, which is now one of the lowest ratios of all capital cities in the European Union. Roma's growth rate is 4.4 percent per annum and continues to grow at a higher rate than any other city in the country. This means that if Rome is an independent country, it will be the 52nd richest country in the world in terms of GDP, close to Egypt.

A central podium of the EUR economic district.

In 2003, Rome had per capita GDP of 29,153 euros (US$37,412), the second highest in Italy only after Milan, and higher than 134.1 percent of the average per capita GDP of the European Union. Above all, Rome had the highest overall ranking in Italy, reaching 47,076,890,463 euros in 2008, but in terms of average labor income, the city was only ninth in Italy with an income of 24,509 euros. From a global perspective, the people in Rome received a 30th high wage in 2009, a third higher than in 2008. The Roma region had GDP of $167.8 billion and $38,765 per capita. In the 2009 study of real estate by Citigroup and Knight Frank, Rome was the eighth expensive city in the world in terms of high-quality real estate prices (13,500 euros per square meter).

Roma's Chamber of Commerce is in the ancient Hadrianus.

The great importance of the city's history, art and religion has made it one of the world's most popular and major tourist sites in Italy. Every day there are an average of 90,000 visitors, of the total number of visitors to 2014, 13.4 million visits and 32.8 million visitors during those two years. i'm a foreigner. Taking into account the number of international tourists, Rome was the most visited city in Italy, on Tuesday in Europe and the 14th in the world in 2016. The contribution of tourism is about 12 percent of the city's GDP.

Although Roma's economy is characterized by the absence of heavy industry and dominated by the service sector, high-tech companies (information technology, aerospace, defense, telecommunications), research, construction, and commercial activity (especially banking), along with the strong development of the dynamic tourism sector, play a very important role in the economy of the city. ... Fiumicino is the international airport in Rome and is also the largest airport in Italy. In addition, the city is also the headquarters of the majority of Italian big companies, with headquarters for three of the world's 100 largest companies: Enel, Eni and Telecom Italia.

Rome is the largest agricultural community in Europe, with a cultivated area of 517 km², accounting for about 40 percent of the total city. Higher education, national television broadcasting system and the film industry in Rome also make an important contribution to the economy. Roma is also the center of the Italian film industry thanks to Cinecitte movies that start up in the 1930s. The city is also a banking and insurance, electronics, energy, transport and aerospace industry. Many of the headquarters of the company and the international agency, the government, the conference center, the sports location and museum are located in the EUR district of Roma; Torrino (south of EUR); Magliana; Parco de' Medici-Laurentina and Tiburtina-valley are along the path of Tiburtina since ancient times.

Higher education

The University of Rome was established in 1303, also called La Sapienza, the largest university in Europe and one of the leading educational institutions in Italy.

Roma is a national and international education center in higher education, with a wide range of universities, universities and colleges. The city has many different types of institutes, always the world's great knowledge and education center, especially the ancient Rome and Renaisze, along with Firenze. According to the City Brands Index, Rome is the second largest city in terms of its historical, educational and cultural concerns as well as its beauty.

Rome has a large number of universities and colleges. Roma's first university was La Sapienza, one of the oldest and largest universities in the world, with over 140,000 students by 2005 ranking 33 in the best universities in Europe and in 2013 La Sapienza ranking the world and ranked 62 in the world . Center for World University Rankings and always top 50 in Europe and top 150 in best universities in the world. In order to minimize La Sapienza status, two public universities were established in recent decades: Tor Vergata was established in 1982 and Roma Tre in 1992. In 1998, the fourth university, Foro Italicio, the only public university of Italy specialized in sports. Roma also has the LUISS Government School, which is the most important primary primary primary primary school in international relations and European studies as well as the LUISS School of Economics. The Roma Institute of ISIA was established in 1973 by Giulio Carlo Argan and the oldest student in Italy in industrial design.

Medici residence, base of the French Academy in Rome.

In addition, Roma has a large number of pope universities and other institutes, including British School at Roma, the French Academy at Roma, Pope Gregana University (oldest named College in the world, founded in 1551), European Academy of Design, Lorenzo de', Link Clpus Camoriana University, Camoriana University. Rome also has two universities in the United States: The U.S. University at Rome and the John Cabot University joined with the St.'s College. John's, John Felice Roma Center is a trademark of Loyola Chicago University and Temple Roma University is an identity of Temple University. The Roma Inpatient universities (Collegi Pontifici) are some of the stream schools for foreign students learning to become monks at the papal universities.

Libraries and storage libraries

National Library at Roma Center.

The great libraries at Rome include the Angelica Library dedicated in 1604, the first public library in Italy; Vallicelliana Library established in 1565; The library of Casanatense opened in 1701; The National Library at Roma is one of two National Libraries in Italy where 4,126,002 books are kept; The Library of the State Department, foreign and modern history; Library of the Encyclopedia; The Don Bosco library is one of the largest and most modern Salary libraries; The library and the Burcardo Theater is a museum-library specialized in theater and drama history; The Library of the Italian Geographic Library at Celimontana is the most important geography library in Italy, and one of the most important libraries in Europe; And the Vatican is one of the oldest and most important libraries in the world, which has a formal start-up of 1475, and has 75,000 directories, along with 1.1 million printed books, including about 8,500 old-style books prior to 1501. There are also more specialized libraries for library printing. foreign chemistry is different at Roma, among them the libraries of the American Academy of Scia in Rome, the French Institute at Roma, and the Hertziana Institute of Art History, the German Max Planck, excellent in art and science research.

The Roma Historic Center, the assets of the Holy See, are in the city under the prerogatives of the suburbs and the Peclop of the Outer city.
World Heritage Sites of UNESCO
Landmarks inside the Roman Arena
General Information
Country	Italy Holy See
Area	1,431 ha (3,540 acres)
Type	Culture
Standard	(i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (vi)
Make reference to	AD 91
UNESCO Region	Europe and North America
History of recognition
Acknowledge	1980 (fourth meeting time)
Wide open	1990

Roma today is one of the world's most important travel destinations, and this is due to the inability to count all the archeological and artistic treasures here, as well as the cultural appeal of the traditions characterized by the beauty of the landscape and the majesty of the special roots (parks). The most precious asset resources in Rome are the number of the largest museum - the Capitolinus - the oldest museum in the world, the Vatican, the Borghese Gallery, and in addition to locations related to both modern and modern art — the water supply, the fountain, the fountain, the church, the palace, the historic monument, the monument, the Royal Roman Catholic monument, and the ancient monuments. Roma is the second most visited city in the European Union, second only to Paris, with the average number of visitors per year of 7 to 10 million, which sometimes doubles in the holy years. According to recent statistics, the Roman Arena (4 million visitors) and the Vatican Museum (4.2 million visitors) stood in the thirteenth and 37th highest rated for the highest visited in the world.

The Historic Center of Rome has more than 25,000 environmental and archeological consultations recognized, because this is Roma the city with the most relics in the world. After the negotiation with the Holy See and Italy, the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, in a collaborative spirit, decided to amend the Roma legacy in 1990, extending to the Janiculum Walls of Pope Urban VIII to build in 1643, and the treasures beyond the Holy City, three cities inside. the most important cathedral for the Church is the Notre-Dame, St. John in Lateran and St. Paul the Outer.

Ladders of Spain

Roma is a major archeology center and is one of the most important centers in archeology of the world. There are a lot of research institutes and cultural institutes scattered around the city, such as the American Academy of Scia and the Swedish Institute in Rome. Roma has many ancient ruins, including Roman Catholic Church, Traianus, Traianus, Roman Auctions, Pantheon Temple, and others. The Roman stadium is considered one of Roma's most representative archeological sites and a world wonder.

Roma is a vast and impressive stock of art, sculpture, fountain, and glass of wood, and stone from all different stages in history. Rome has become an art center since ancient Rome, with important Roman artistic forms, such as architecture, painting, sculpture and mosaic. Metals, making coins and carving stones, carved ivory tusks, glass sculptures, pottery and book illustrations are seen as 'small' forms of Roman art. Roma later became a major Renaissance art center, since the pope spent a great deal of money on the construction of Grand Palace, Palace, Square and Public Works in general. Roma has become one of Europe's great restoration arts centers, just behind Florence, and is comparable to large cities and other cultural centers such as Paris and Venice. The city was greatly influenced by the baroque movement and became a home for many artists and architects, such as Bernini, Caravaggio, Carracci, Borromini, Cortona. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the city was one of the centers of the Grand Tour — a traditional form of tourism in Europe — when the rich, young people in England and Europe visited the city to learn about ancient culture, art, philosophy and Roman architecture. Roma is home to many of the neoclassical artists and rococo, such as Pannini and Bernardo Bellotto. Today, the city is one of the world's largest art centers, with many art and museums.

• Musée Capitolinus

• Chiaramonti Museum, Vatican

• Borghese Gallery

• Roma National Museum

• Roman Museum of Culture

• National Gallery of Ancient Arts

Rome has developed into a storage of modern, modern, architectural art. The National Museum of Modern Art is a permanent display of Balla, Morandi, Pirandello, Jerzy Dudek, De Pisis, Guttuso, Fontana, Burri, Mastroianni, Turcato, Kandisky, Cézanne. In 2010, the launch of Roma's latest art platform, a kind of contemporary art and architectural exhibit, by the famous Iraqi architect Zaha Hadid. The 21st century Museum of National Art and Architecture - MAXXI - re-established a debris with impressive modern architecture. Maxxi has a school dedicated to research and culture, international exchange and learning. It is one of the most wanted modern architectural projects of Roma, along with Parco della Musica of Renzo Piano and the Center of the Roma Conference of Massimiliano, Centro Italia Italia, opened in 2016. The Convention Center, characterized as a semi-transparent, built, has the flon steel structure. an inner cloud has conference rooms and a conference room with two square halls open to the residential area on both sides of the work.

The tradition and the festival

One of the main traditional societies of Rome is the Carnival from the 15th century to 19th century, restored by city government in 2010, although in a totally different format. Its origins come from the Saturnalia of ancient Rome, characterized by public displays, dance and makeup. The carnival games took place in the tenth century on Testaccio hills, a few centuries later, after Pope Paul III decided that the festival is going to take place on Lata Street, this is the modern Corso road. The typical masks for the Roma carnival are Rugantino, Meo Patacca and General Mannaggia La Rocca.

The Roman military dress parade for Roma's birthday in 2014.

Roma is a traditional rich city, mythology, legend, tradition and folk culture, from the ancient and during the Middle Ages, when great stories are developed, in which the religious field joins the magic world, including sanctions associated with profanity. Due to this particular element, one of Roma's areas could still track the debris and the appeal of popular culture is the beautiful Trastevere ward, with narrow alleys, trattoria (the traditional Italian restaurant), the Middle Ages and Janiculum. In Trastevere, the Roma Folk and Poetry Museum rises to the surface, holds the daily life and traditions of ancient Rome, including the famous Roma Sparrow of the artist Ettore Roesler Franz. In the EUR district, there is the national art museum of popular tradition, where traditional and folk documents are gathered from all over Italy.

Notable holidays in Rome include:

• Birthday of Rome: April 21st, the tradition of Romulus' celebration of the establishment of Rome, was held at costume performances, cultural events and entertainment.
• International Labor: One May the single group held a free concert at St. John's Gate Square in Laterano, where hundreds of thousands of people attended.
• National Day of the Italian Republic: In June 2, the traditional military march following the Imperial College of Parks and ends in Venice's Square before Vittoriano National Monument.
• Peter and Paul the Testament: June 29, a commemoration of the two saints of Rome, was founded according to the Papal orders of the papal states on 29 April 1818.
• Noantri: The first Saturday after July 16th, it took place at Trastevere, the festival from the old days commemorating the Mother of Mount Camel.

Entertainment and theater performance

1747 at the Argentine Theater, Roma

A concert at St. Cecilia National Academy

Rome is an important music center with a strong musical background, including some conservative music and famous theater. This is the seat of the Saints Cecilia National Academy (established in 1585), one of the world's oldest historic music institutes, in which new music halls have been built on the Parco della Musica complex, one of the largest musical locations in the world. Roma also has an opera house, which is the Opera House, along with some other small music institutes. The city was also the host of the Eurovision Song Contest Contest (European Song Contest) in 1991 and the MTV Europe Music Awards (MTV Europe Music Awards) of 2004.

Rome also had a great impact in music history. The Roman school was a group of mainly church music composers who worked in cities during the 16th and 17th centuries, extending from the end of the Renaissance to the beginning of the Baroque period. The term is also used to describe the music they produce. Many musicians have direct links to the Catholic Church, the Holy Church and the Sistina of the Pope, even though they work in a number of different churches. In terms of music styles, they are often contrasted with the Venetian school, a movement of composers took place at the same time and tended to be more progressive. The most famous composer ever since Rome's school is Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrinus, whose name was inextricably talented with a clear musical complexity, smooth over 400 years. However, there are other musicians working in Rome with many different styles and forms of diversity.

Fashion

Condotti Street near Spain Square.

Roma is also widely recognized as a world's fashion capital. Although not as important as the Milano, according to the Global Language Monitor in 2009, Roma fell two points to fourth place in important fashion centers in the world, after Milano, New York, Paris and stayed in London in recent years. Fashion and high-end jewelry companies such as Valentino, Bulgaria, Fendi, Laura Biagiotti and Brioni and Renato Balestra, were headquartered or founded in the city. In addition, other major brands like Chanel, Prada, Dolce & Gabbana, Armani and Versace have many luxury stores in Rome, mainly along the street of prestigious and high-quality fashion in Rome.

Cuisine

Italian Spaghetti Carbonara, a common Roman food.

Roma's cuisine has been growing for centuries and the changing times of society, culture and politics. Roma has become a major food-and-drink art center since ancient Rome. Cuisine at this stage is heavily influenced by ancient Greek culture, and then the Roman Empire's expansion has exposed Rome to the many local food-processing practices and cooking techniques. At first, the gap between social classes was not very large but has gradually increased according to the rate of growth of the empire. Later in the Renaissance period, Rome became known as a big food center, for some of the best cooks of the time worked for the popes. A typical chef is Bartolomeo Scappi, working for Pope Pius IV in the Vatican and became famous for publishing the Opera'arte del cucinare cookbook in 1570. In which he listed about 1,000 refreshment tools and simultaneously describing techniques The image is known as the first fork.

Concia di Zucchine, a good example of Jewish food.

Today, the city has developed its own special food supply, based on the products of the nearby Campagna region, such as lamb and fruit vegetables (rather common spherical flava). But that wave can be seen as the effect of the Jews in this food system because the Jews have lived in Rome since the first century BC. Examples of popular food such as "Saltimbocca Romana" (the Roma plate) are Roman in their nests; And he was led with fresh ham, and spices, and wine and butter; "Carciofi alla giudia" — olive olive atichos, typical of the Roma Jews; "Carciofi alla Romana" — Romana style atichos, the outer leaf layer is separated, stuffed with mint, garlic, and crumbled bread and then om; Spaghetti with bacon, eggs, and pecorino; "Gnocchi di semolino alla Romana" - the semolina of the Roma style; and some other food.

Cinema

Roman Holiday with two silver star Audrey Hepburn and Gregory Peck.

Elizabeth Taylor of the legendary history of Cleopatra in 1963.

Roma is seen as one of the world's film cities because of Cinecitevil film, which is the largest producer of movies and television in Europe, and is the center of Italian movies, which is the place where most popular film is made today. The 40 hectares picture studio (99 acres in the U.K.), is nine kilometers from Roma's center and is part of one of the world's largest manufacturing communities after Hollywood with over 5,000 professional staff, from costume to visual effects. There are over 3,000 products made here, including recent works such as The Passion of the Christ, Gangs of New York, HBOs, The Life Aquatic, and Dinameron of Dino Laurentiis, to classic products like Ben-Hur, Cleopatra, Federico Fellini.

Cinecitevil was established by Benito Mussolini in 1937, and was bombed by Allied during World War II. In the 1950s, this was the location of several major American films, and then it became the most coherent film studio for the Federico Fellini. Today, Cinecitta is the only studio in the world that has pre-production, manufacturing and post-production infrastructure in its full range, making it convenient for directors and producers to go in with a play in their hands and "step out" with a film finished. More than 3,000 film films were made here, of which 90 received the Oscar and 47 winning films.

Language

Latin-language etches, at the Roman National Museum.

Although today's contact with Latin, ancient Rome is actually multilingual. In the oldest times, the Sabine tribes and the Latin tribes share the Roma region today. Sabine is Italian, along with Etruscan, the primary language of the three kingdoms who last ruled the city until they established a republican regime in 509 BC. Urganilla, or Plautia Urgulanilla, the wife of Emperor Claudius, is believed to be an Etrusca-speaking man after this mold for centuries, according to Suetonius' account of Claudius. However, Latin, in many different forms of evolution, is the main language of ancient Rome, but since the city has many immigrants, slaves, citizens, ambassadors from many parts of the world become a multilingual area. Many Roma study also speak Greek, and exist Greek, Syrian and Jewish communities in many parts of Rome just before the Empire.

Latin that evolved in the Middle Ages into a new vulgaris (volgare, vulgaris, or Latin. This language appears when a variety of regional languages are converged, in which the Toscana dominates, but Roma has also developed its own dialect, Romanesco, or even simpler names, than Romano. Romanesco was originally said in the Middle Ages, much more like a South Italian language, much closer to the Napoli in Campania than in Tusania, in Toscana (standard Italian). Romanesco's traditional method of writing includes works such as Giuseppe Gioachino Belli (one of the most important Italian poets), Trilussa and Cesare Pascarella. Romanesco is a "lingua vernacola" (in language), meaning that for centuries it has not existed in the form of writing but only spoken by the public.

An advertisement in the subway at Rome offers in Romanesco.

The influence of Firenze's culture in the Renaissance, and the fact that many Firenze emigrates to Rome by two great professors from the House of Medici (Ex-X and Clement VII), which causes a big variation in dialect, it begins to resemble the more Tuscany forms. This was confined to Rome until the 19th century, and expanded to other parts of Lazio in the early 20th century, with an increasing population in Rome and the improvement of the traffic system. As a result of the words education and communication, Romanesco is becoming more and more similar to Standard Italian, and as a result, Romanesco now has grammar and comparative vocabulary, unlike other Central Italian languages. The contemporary Romanesco is mainly expressed by well-known actors and actresses, such as Alberto Sordi, from Mobili, mostly. Carlo Verdone, Enrico Montesano, Gigi Proietti and Nino Manfredi.

The historical contributions of Roma to the global language are much broader, through the process of Romanization, Italian and Gallia (France), the sale of Iberia and Dacia (Romania) to develop languages that come directly from Latin, and are used in many large parts of the world through cultural, cultural, localized and migration. In addition, it affects modern English, led by the Norman in conquering England, brought a large percentage of the vocabulary they borrowed from Latin. Latin alphabet is the most common writing system in the world in terms of the number of languages.

Rome has long had artistic communities, foreign residents, and large numbers of foreign students or foreign tourists, and is therefore a multi-lingual city. Nowadays, as a result of popular tourism, there are many languages used for travel, particularly English that are well known for popular travel areas, and cities with large numbers of emigrants and many multilingual immigration areas.

Crime, security and terrorist

Roma shows the level of crime from average to high. The capital of Italy is the location of the working groups of organized crime that comprises the Marfia Capital (Mafia Capitale), the Magliana Gang (Banda della Magliana) and the Casamonica (Clan dei Casamonica) and several small groups, operating mainly in the fields of illegal business, illegal, illegal, illegal trafficking drugs, assassinations, kidnappings, gambling, prostitution, robbery, fraud, arms trade, heavy borrowing, killing people on contracts, blackmail, and money laundering, and, in particular, corruption, public disruption implied some of the city government officials. Many urban areas near the center are becoming noticeable and the crime rate is much larger than those in the north and Central Europe. In 2010, according to the Italian National Police Association, Rome was second behind Milan on the number of crimes committed more than 100,000 people, its focus is illegally breaking, stealing cars, smuggling and robbery, while in 2011, the capital led in number of murders.

According to European Union 2015 statistics, Rome had a rate of 0.7 murders per 100,000 people, lower than the other major cities of Italy such as Venice (1.1), Milano (1), Torino (0.8) or Naples (3.9), and has tended to decline markedly in recent years of Rome. in the safest cities in the world for violent crime. However, pick-up and handbags are still a fairly serious problem in the capital, including many different forms from the G-'s runners to the educated adult or a group of natural children. Most of the burglaries were reported in crowded tourist sites, on buses, subway trains, public transportation or in major railway stations like Termini, primarily targeted tourists.

The army and police tightened security around the Roman Arena during Easter 2019.

In mid-2014, the head of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, after claiming to be Khalip, announced the "invasion of Rome" and has repeatedly determined that the Vatican is a "potential target" and will "lock the black flag on the tops of the Holy Ghost Church" in its propaganda. According to the statistical analysis the relevant documents show that Islam offers its particular attention to Rome as a symbol of the West and the Christian world. In 2018 Rome was rated as a high-level threat to terrorist attacks aimed at the interests of the U.S. and the West in a U.S. State Department report.

However, during recent years, Italy or Rome and the Vatican have not, in particular, suffered from a bloody Islamic terrorist attack or through a high degree of domestic extremism such as its neighboring European neighbors, as the special investigation experience and the effective prevention of the Italian police, while it is believed that this particular exception was also caused by such fringe control. the Italian mafia has quietly charged the saints from their holding advantages, invading and breaking terrorist networks through close and social relations and families. In spite of that, the city is often highly alarming and tightened security at important occasions, such as Christmas or Easter.

Quality of life

According to a survey conducted by the city’s statistics office in 2007, the quality of life for the people of the capital was generally good. However, the city has exposed various weaknesses. Among these, there is an increasing concentration of urban transport, environmental and noise pollution due to the increasing use of personal transportation; Roma is influenced by the huge presence of advertising billboards, including illicit advertisements, besides street works, spraying graffiti and paint. Another issue relates to public services in Rome, sometimes it is difficult to access, especially among the elderly. Among the positive aspects, the satisfaction of the people living in Rome emerges, enjoying the daily historical and archeological legacy of the city, the majestic, artistic and cultural aspects, the gentle climate, near the sea and at the center of Christianity, apart from the opportunities for access to education and training, different sporting institutions and many vast areas of green.

As crime is increasingly organized, the capital became one of the largest and most complex crime cities in Italy. According to the investigation of the loss of order security and urban decay in 2009 conducted by La Sapienza Department on behalf of the Department of Homeland Security and legal police, to a half the area is more than half the legal area. the population of Rome was asked to see the surrounding suburbs as dangerous, mostly due to crime and traffic accidents. In addition, most of the respondents said that there were unsafe areas in the city, where better off not to go.

According to a 2015 survey of quality of life conducted by Mercer Consultant, while in many respects Roma is ranked 52 in the world, deducted by an optimal traffic and business environment, still far from Milano's 41. Now, the face of the capital has been declining for many years, has become very poor and has been plagued by many urbanism with potholes, loose trash cans and free pigs on the streets, along with a series of corruption stripes discovered at Roma. According to Greenspace's recent statistics, Rome was among the worst cities in Europe on road safety, traffic and pollution. Similar to the other major cities in Europe, the capital of Italy is currently facing a severe immigration crisis at its peak, causing many of the agonizing problems.

The Olimpico stadium, the A.S. Roma and S.S. Lazio housing, is one of the largest stadiums in Europe, with a capacity of 70,000 places.

Football is the most popular sport in Rome, like the rest of the country. The city used to organize the final matches of the FIFA World Cup in 1934 and 1990. The 1990 FIFA World Cup Final, which also served in the Italian National Club as S.S., was founded on the Olimpico stadium. 1900, and A.S. Roma started in 1927, the rivals in the Derby games became a major part of the Roma sport culture. The players for these two clubs and at the same time born at Roma tend to become quite famous, such as the players Francesco Totti and Daniele De Rossi of A.S. Roma or Alessandro Nesta of S.S. Lazio. The Atletico Roma F.C. is a small football team playing in first place until 2012, the soccer stadium is Flaminio stadium.

Roma once ran the 1960s Summer Olympics, with tremendous success, using many ancient sites like Borghese Villa and the Caracalla Bath as a field. In order to serve the Olympics, many works have been built, notably a new Olimpico stadium on a larger scale (which has also been expanded and renewed to meet the conditions of the FIFA World Cup in 1990), the Olimpico Village (later redeveloped into a residential zone). Rome had run for the 2020 Summer Olympics but had withdrawn before the deadline for filing an end.

Opening day of the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome

Rome also held the Euro EuroBasket in 1991 and has the Virtus Roma basketball team internationally recognized. Rugby union is widely accepted. By 2011, the Flaminio stadium is the home side of the Italian national rugby team, which has been playing in the six-country championship since 2000. The team now plays its home competitions at the Olimpico stadium as the Flaminio stadium need to improve capacity and safety. Roma has local rugby union teams such as Rugby Roma (established in 1930 and Italian championships), Unione Rugby Capitolina and S.S. Lazio 1927 (the rugby union of S.S. Lazio Sports Club).

Each May Roma celebrates the 1000 ATP World Tour Masters Tour for the Italian public park. Cycling was popular after World War II, but its popularity was lost. Roma was the last stage of Giro d'Italia three times, in 1911, 1950, and 2009. Rome also had other sports teams, including volleyball, or volleyball.

Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino International Airport is ranked tenth in Europe's busiest airports in 2017.

Roma is at the center of the central network following the raging roads of ancient Rome, starting from the hills of Capitolinus and succeeding Rome with the rest of the Roman Empire. Rome today made its way around 11 kilometers (6 miles) a circle (Grande Rconcerdo Anulare or GRA).

Because of the location in the Italian Peninsula, Roma is the key rail line in central Italy. The main railway station of Rome, Termini, is one of the largest stations in Europe and has the largest number of customers in Italy, with about 400,000 passengers being transported every day. The second largest terminal in the city is the Roma Tiburtina station, which is redeveloping as a high-speed railway station. As well as the frequent high speed trains to all major cities of Italy, Roma operates night by night by the 'ship's service that lies in Sicilia and internationally by nighttime sleep services to München and the Austrian OB railway.

There are three airports in Rome. The intercontinental Airport Leonardo da Vinci is the main Italian airport and is often called "Fiumicino Airport", because it lies in the southern Fiumicino district of Rome where the Tevere reaches the Mediterranean. In 2018, Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino was ranked ninth in the best airports in the world and ranked as the fastest growing and improving airport, and in 2019 became the best European airport. The second is Ciampino Roma, formerly a military and civilian airport, often referred to as the "Ciampino Airport" because it is next to Ciampino district southeast of Rome. The third airport is Roma-Urbe, a small low-traffic airport, about six kilometers northward of the city center, dedicated to most helicopters and private flights.

Ostia tourist port.

Port of Civitavecchia.

Although Roma has a Mediterranean borough (District 10, Ostia), it has only small yacht and port ports for fishing vessels. The main port of Rome is the Civitavecchia port, located about 62 kilometers (39 miles) northwest of the city.

Rome is suffering from traffic problems, mainly due to the pivotal mode which makes the Roma difficult: if they want to move from the neighborhoods of one of the central route to another, they have to go into the historical center or have to take a detour. The problem could not be solved because the size of the subway system in Rome was limited compared to other cities of a similar size. In addition, Rome has only 21 taxis for every 10,000 people, far from major European cities. Traffic jams are a frequent occurrence in the 1970s and 1980s have led to the reduction of vehicle traffic into the inner city center during daylight hours. Restricted-applied regions are known as the Transport Restrictions Area (Zona a Traffico Limitato (ZTL) in Italian. More recently, the traffic that rushes at night in Trastevere, Testaccio and San Lorenzo have led to the formation of the Night ZTL in those areas.

Maps of metro lines and rail transport in Rome.

A three-line submersible system has gone into operation in Rome. The first branch construction was launched in the 1930s. This line was planned ahead with a quick target to connect the Termini with E42 zone planned on the outskirts of the country, a place that was to hold the 1942 World Market Association. This event was not possible because of the war. This area was then partially redesigned and renamed to Esposizione Universale Roma: The Roma World Gallery in the 1950s plays a role as a modern business sector. Finally, this metro line was opened in 1955 and is now south of Route B.

Line A began in 1980, running from Ottaviano to Anagnina station, and then extending the distance to Battistini (1999-2000). In the 1990s, the extension of Line B went into operation, running from Termini to Rebibbia. The subway network is generally reliable (although it can be congested during rush hours and events, especially Tuyen A) because the length is relatively short. Two lines A and B intersect at the Termini station. A new branch of Route B (B1) opened on June 13, 2012 after it was built with an estimated cost of about 500 million euros. B1 connects to B in Bologna Square and has four distributions within 3.9 km (2 miles).

Conca d'Oro Metro stations.

The C line is the third line, under the construction of an estimated 3 billion euros from 30 stations within 25.5 kilometers (16 miles). The C line replaces part of the railroad line, Termini-Pantano with full autonomy and no driver. The first paragraph, with the 15 intersections of Pantano connected with Centocelle in the east side of the city, was inaugurated on November 9, 2014, and the next paragraph began in 2015, but archeological findings often postponed construction. 6.4 kilometers (3.4 miles) long stations continue to be added to Route C on June 29, 2015 and latest on May 12, 2018, the western terminal is connected to San Giovanni, where it continues to line A.

An electric train flew through the city center.

The fourth line is the D line is also planned with 22 railway stations distributed over a distance of 20 km (12 miles). The initial stage was run in 2015 and the final sections were to work before 2035. However, the plan had to be canceled in 2012 by the city's budget crisis, but it was rebuilt in 2018. In the same year 2018, the subway project was repledged with a number of a plan. modification, including the ability to transform the urban rail line (from the center of the city to the Ostia Sea) and branch B1 Jonio to the fifth subway line - Metro E, marked in light green, sharing the rails with the line B from Piramide to Bologna. The project is currently waiting for some research on feasibility.

Public transportation in Rome is formed by bus network, floating trains (tram) and urban rail network (FRs). The network of buses, electric trains, subways, and urban rail is run by Atac S.P.A. (initially abbreviated by Azienda Tramvie e Autobus del Comune - The City Bus and Trains' in Italian). More than 350 bus lines and more than 8,000 bus stops, while the more limited system has 39 kilometers (24 mi) of railways and 192 stops. There is also an electric line, which was opened in 2005 and other electric buses were planned.

The Spanish Palace at the Spanish Square, which has placed the diplomatic mission of Spain at the Holy See since 1647, is the oldest embassy building in the world.

As the capital of Italy, Rome is the headquarters of all major national institutions, such as the President of the Italian Republic, the government (and ministries), the National Assembly, the Supreme Court, and the embassy from all countries around the world. Many other international organizations are based in Rome, particularly well-known cultural and scientific organizations - such as the U.S. Research Institute, the British School, the French Academy of Sciences, Scandinavi, Germany's Academy of Sciences, and the United Nations specialized agencies.

The Magistrale villa on Aventinus hills as the Embassy of the Order of Maltese of Italy.

Of the global cities, Rome is the only city whose two ownership entities are fully within their territory, the Holy See, represented by the Vatican City and the Sovereign Military of Malta. The Vatican is a place in the heart of the Italian capital and the sovereignty of the Holy See, the Roman Catholic Church and the supreme brain of the Roman Catholic Church. The Holy See does not allow a single ambassador as well as diplomatic missions to both the Church and Italy, and in addition to the diplomatic missions in Italy there are ambassadors to the Holy See and the Malta Brothers borrowing Italian territories. In total, Roma has 140 embassies in Italy and 88 embassies in the Holy See (including 30 institutions that are linked to the Malta family), and the headquarters of the 25 Consulate General and the Consulate General. This created special diplomacy, the Italian country is the only case in the world that puts your embassy immediately above your own territory: The Embassy of Italy for the Holy See' is in Rome. In addition, the "People's Embassy of China for the Holy See" - the Embassy in the only law that exists in Europe and is scarce in the world but is an unrecognized entity, separate from the "Taipei Representative Office in Italy" in New Rome as the actual Embassy of Italy.

The Pope is the Roman Catholic bishop and the official throne is the Archbasilica of St John Lateran, the Cathedral of Rome, with the President of the French Republic as "the most abundant and honorable man" by the position (ex offici) of the church, the title of the heads of the French state of King Henry IV of France. In addition, some universities and colleges in international pope are also based in Rome. Another entity, the Maltese Gladiator was relegated to Rome in 1834, because of Napoleon's Malta in 1798. Sometimes it's classified as sovereign but not to ask any of the territories in Rome or anywhere else, thereby leading to a debate about its real sovereignty.

FAO Headquarters near Circus Maximus

WFP headquarters in Rome

Roma is the headquarters of Polo Romano, created by three principal international agencies of the United Nations: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), World Food Program (WFP) and the International Fund for Agriculture Development (IFAD).

Rome traditionally has participated in European political integration. The EU treaties are based in the State Department's palace of Farnesina, due to the fact that the Italian government is the place to keep treaties. In 1957, the city held a signing of the Roma Treaty, which established the European Economic Community (the European Union’s precursor), and served as an official European Constitution proposed in July 2004.

Roma is the headquarters of the European Olympic Committee and the NATO Defense University. This city is the site of the International Criminal Court and the European Convention on Human Rights. The city also has other important international organizations such as IDLO (International Organization for the Development Law), ICCROM (International Center for the Study of the Conservation and Recovery of Cultural Heritage) and UNIDROIT (International Institute for the Unification of the Private Law).

Twin cities and towns by birth

From April 9, 1956, Rome had a monopoly on this and joined her twin city:

The mother coyote for Romulus and Remus to breast-feed was given to Paris, currently set at the Paul Painlevé Square, District 5, Paris.

The Memorial Column with the symbols of Paris - the boat sailing across the waves - in front of the ancient Roman baths Diocletianus, central Rome.

•   Paris, France

(Italian) Solo Parigi He's a solo on the degna di Parigi.

(French) Seule Paris digest de Rome; seule Rome digne de Paris.

(English) Only Paris is worthy of Rome; only Rome is worthy of Paris.

"Only Paris is to Rome; Only Rome deserves Paris."

Partnership relations

Cities with partner and partners of Rome include:

Roma's ancient golden age, Cole Thomas's painting.

• OMNES VIAE ROMAM DVCVNT (Omvines Romam ducunt)

Tutte le strade portano a Roma (Italian)
Tous les, Manages, Rome.
All roads lead to Rome (English)

"All roads lead to Rome."

• Roma costruita
  Rome ne s'est pas faite en un jour (France)
  Rome wasn't built a day (UK)

"Rome was not built in one day."

• SI FVERIS ROMAE, ROMANO VITO MORE (Si fueris Romae, Romano Vito more)

Quando a Roma, fai come roman i (Italy)
And Rome, fais comme les Romains (France)
When in Rome, do as the Romans do (UK)

"In Rome, do the Romans."

A corner of the Roman Arena at Christmas.

• Per conoscere Roma, little basta una (Italy)
  Pour connaître Rome, une Vie Haurit pas (France)
  To know Rome, a lifetime is not enough (UK)

"To understand Rome, a life is not enough."

• ROMA LOCVTA, CAVSA FINITA (Roma locuta, causa finita)

Roma ha parlato, lausa defin itivamente chiusa (Italy)
Rome a parlé, le débat est clos (France)
Rome has spoken, the is discussion over (UK)

"Roma has spoken, all discussion is over."

The Vatican and St. Peter's Square seen from the sky.

• Roma in Encyclopdia æ Britannica (English)
• Roma in the Vietnamese Encyclopedia
• Roma on Facebook  
• Rome guides travel on DMOZ
• Vintage Rome: The Eternal City, produced by Life magazine

Formal

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